1. Rewrite the text until the overfull lines disappear.
   
2. Increase the tolerance. (reduce overfull boxes, but the lines will look awful)
   
3. Increase the value of \emergencystretch. (reduce badness of lines and, consequently, no. of overfull boxes. better than 2)
   
4. Increase the value of \hbadness and/or \hfuzz. (declare fewer lines as overfull/underfull. rarely used)
   
5. Execute \overfullrule=0pt.
   
6. Use \raggedright. (best way!!)
   
7. Fiddle with \looseness.
   
8. Change the space factor codes of the punctuation marks to get more stretch (or more shrink) than normal in the interword glue following them.
   
9. If all else fails, try to increase \hsize to widen the paragraph.

1. When \ex1 is executed, it saves \ex2 and expands \ex3.
   
2. When \ex3 is expanded, ti saves \a and expands \ex4. The list of saved items now consits of \ex2, \a.
   
3. When \ex4 is expanded, it saves \b and expands \c. Thus \c is the first of \a, \b, and \c to be expanded.
   
4. The list of saved items (\ex2\a\b) is placed in front of the expansion of \c, and TeX continues normal processing. However, the first otken that it sees is \ex2. It therefore saves \a, expands \b, and finally expands \a.

1. Install TeX using I-installer.
   1) Download ll2.dmg at http://ii2.sourceforge.net.
   2) Drag i-installer to /Applicaton/utilities.
   3) Launch i-installer, choose i-package --> Known Package i-Directory.
   4) Install the following (order!)
       * FreeType 2
       * libwmf
       * Ghostscript 8
       * ImageMagick
       * FrontForge
       * TeX
2. Install TeXshop
   1) Download TeXshop at http://www.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/obtaining.html
   2) Drag it into the Application folder.
   3) In Preferences --> encoding, choose "mac Chinese Simplified."
   
3. Set up Chinese
   1) The first solution is to use XeTeX.
       * Launch I-installer again.
       * Choose jonathan Kew's i-Directory @ SIL in i-directories.
       * Install "TeX support: XeTeX."
       * Test file:
         \documentclas{article}
         \usepackage{fontspec}
         \setromanfont{Apple LiSung Light}
         \begin{document}
         你好
         \end{document}
        * Compile it with XeLaTeX.
   2) The better solution is to use the CJK package.
   Download the CJK package from http://cjk.ffii.org/. Uncompress it and put the output at /usr/local/teTeX/share/texmf.local/tex/latex/CJK.
   Then you have to set up the fonts, which is quite troublesome. The easiest way is to copy the localtexmf folder of CTeX to /usr/local/teTeX/share/texmf.local. Then go to texmf.local/pdftex/config, make a copy of psfonts.map and rename it to pdftex.map. In terminal, execute the command "sudo mktexlsr" and it should work.
   

September 28, 2005 DOS cable on students and immigrant intent

UNCLASSIFIED STATE 00180015

VZCZCXRO2533

RR RUEHKW RUEHNAG

DE RUEHC #0015/01 2711843

ZNR UUUUU ZZH

R 281839Z SEP 05

FM SECSTATE WASHDC

TO ALL DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR POSTS COLLECTIVE

RUEHDBU/AMEMBASSY DUSHANBE 1947

RUEHGE/AMEMBASSY GEORGETOWN 1794

RUEHTRO/USLO TRIPOLI 4333

BT

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 STATE 180015

VISAS

E.O. 12958: N/A

TAGS: CVIS

SUBJECT: Students and Immigrant Intent

REF: (A)  Section 101(A)(15)(F) and 9 FAM 41.61  (B)  04

STATE 274068  STATE 00180015  001.2 OF 003

1.  Summary:  This cable provides some guidance for

consular officers in how to interpret the immigrant intent

provisions when adjudicating student visa applications.

Consular officers adjudicating student visa applications

should evaluate the applicant's requirement to maintain a

residence abroad in the context of the student's present

circumstances; they should focus on the student

applicant's immediate and near-term intent.  Revised FAM

notes follow.  End summary.

2.    Residence abroad requirement in general terms:  As

explained in ref (B), the immigrant intent requirement

applies in only certain nonimmigrant visa classifications.

Most of these visa classifications require the visa

applicant to satisfactorily demonstrate that s/he

possesses a residence abroad that s/he has no intention of

abandoning.  This residence abroad requirement is found in

the B, F, J, M, O-2, P, and Q visa classifications.

3.  The purpose of travel is always the controlling

criterion for determining a proper visa classification.

Each classification differs fundamentally in terms of

activities permitted and time period contemplated in the

United States.  Student visa adjudication is made more

complex by the fact that students typically stay in the

U.S. longer than do many other non-immigrant visitors.  In

these circumstances, it is important to keep in mind that

the applicant's intent is to be adjudicated based on

present intent - not on contingencies of what might happen

in the future, during a lengthy period of study in the

United States.

4.  Context of residence abroad for students:  While the

concept of "ties" is very useful in evaluating many non-

immigrant visa applicants, it is relatively less useful in

assessing the present intent of a student.    The typical

student is young, without employment, without family

dependents, and without substantial personal assets.

Students may have only general rather than specific plans

for the future.  These personal circumstances differ

greatly from those of persons usually qualifying for B-1's

or P visas for example.  The residence abroad requirement

for a student should therefore be considered in a broader

light, focusing on the student applicants' immediate

intent.  While students may not be able to demonstrate

strong "ties", their typical youth often conveys a

countervailing major advantage in establishing their bona

fides:  they don't necessarily have a long-range plan, and

hence are relatively less likely to have formed an intent

to abandon their homes.

5.  Intended course of study:  The fact that the alien

plans on studying a subject for which there is no or

little employment opportunity in his country of residence

is not a basis for denying the visa; because circumstances

may change, this fact should not be deemed a negative

factor in adjudicating the case.  Nor, on the other hand,

is the fact that the country of residence can provide the

equivalent quality courses in the same subject matter.

The student has the right to choose where s/he will obtain

an education if accepted by the school.

6.  Visa renewal during course of study: Some students

have to apply for new visas if they go home or travel

during their period of study.  Returning student

applications should generally be reissued in the normal

course of business, unless circumstances have changed

significantly from the time of previous issuance.

Students should be encouraged to travel home during their

studies in order to maintain ties to their country of

origin..  If students feel that they will encounter

difficulties in seeking a new student visa or that a visa

will not be issued to them so they can continue their

studies, they may be less inclined to leave the United

States during their studies and hence may distance

themselves culturally from their homeland.  Posts should

facilitate the reissuance of student visas so that these

students can travel freely back and forth between the

homeland and the United States.

7.  Student Visa Reminders:

A.  Educational qualifications:  The I-20 is evidence that

the school has accepted the applicant as a student.  The

choice of the subject matter is not determinative of the

applicant's scholastic aptitude.  Consular officers should

not go behind the I-20 to adjudicate the alien's

qualifications as a student for that institution.  If the

consular officer has reason to believe that the applicant

engaged in fraud or mispresentation to garner acceptance

into the school as laid out in 9 FAM 41.61 Note 8, then

that information is an important factor to consider in

determining if the applicant has a bona fide intent to

engage in study in the United States.  Verification of

admission with the school would usually be required if you

are considering applying INA 212(a)(6)(C).

B.  Community colleges or lesser-known schools:  All

legitimate schools must be accorded the same weight under

the law.  The INA does not distinguish among schools

qualifying for I-20 authorization based on size or

recognition.  There is no legal difference between

community colleges, English language schools and four-year

institutions.  Applicants should be adjudicated on their

bona fides as students regardless of institution of

program of study.  If you have reason to question the

authenticity of the school contact either DHS or

CA/VO/F/P.

8.  Text of FAM Notes:

9 FAM 41.61 N5.1 Residence Abroad Required

(ct:visa-706;   02-17-2005)

The INA requires that the applicant possess a residence in

a foreign country he or she has no intention of

abandoning.  The regulations require that the consular

officer be satisfied that the alien intends to depart upon

termination of student status.  Consequently, the consular

officer must be satisfied that the applicant, at the time

of visa application:

(1)     Has a residence abroad;

(2)     Has no immediate intention of abandoning that

   residence; and

(3)     Intends to depart from the United States upon

   completion of the course of study.

9 FAM 41.61 N5.2  Context of Residence Abroad for Student

Visas

(ct:visa-706;   02-17-2005)

The context of the residence abroad requirement for

student visas inherently differs from the context for b

visitor visas or other short-term visas.  The statute

clearly pre-supposes that the natural circumstances and

conditions of being a student do not disqualify that

applicant from obtaining a student visa.  It is natural

that the student does not possess ties of property,

employment, family obligation, and continuity of life

typical of b visa applicants.  These ties are typically

weakly held by student applicants, as the student is often

single, unemployed, without property, and is at the stage

in life of deciding and developing his or her future

plans.  This general condition is further accentuated in

light of the student's proposed extended absence from his

or her homeland.  (see 9 FAM 41.11 n2.)

Nonetheless, the consular officer must be satisfied at the

time of application for a visa that an alien possesses the

present intent to depart the U.S. at the conclusion of his

or her studies.  That this intention is subject to change

or even likely to change is not a sufficient reason to

deny a visa.

9 FAM 41.61 N5.3 Relationship of Education or Training

Sought to Existence of Ties Abroad

(ct:visa-706;   02-17-2005)

The fact that a student's proposed education or training

would not appear to be useful in the homeland is not, in

itself, a basis for refusing an f-1 or m-1 visa.  This

remains true if the applicant 's proposed course of study

seems to be impractical.  For example, if a person from a

developing country may wish to study nuclear engineering

simply because he enjoys it, he may no more be denied a

visa because there is no market for a nuclear engineer's

skills in his homeland than he may be denied a visa for

the study of philosophy or greek simply because they do

not lead to a specific vocation.

9 FAM 41.61 N5.4  Availability of Collateral Academic

Education in the Applicant's Homeland

(ct:visa-706;   02-17-2005)

The fact that education or training similar to that which

the applicant plans to undertake is apparently available

in the home country is not in itself a basis for refusing

a student visa.  An applicant may legitimately seek to

study in the United States for various reasons, including

a higher standard of education or training.  Furthermore,

the desired education or training in the applicant's

homeland may be only theoretically available; openings in

local schools and institutions may be already filled or

reserved for others.

9.  Conclusion:  Student visa applications must be

adjudicated in the proper context, a long view.  You, as

Consular officers, must assess the residence abroad

requirement focusing on whether the applicant intends at

the time of applying for the visa to abandon his or her

residence abroad.  In evaluating this intent, relatively

little weight can be given to the traditional "ties" that

are more useful in adjudicating applications  for B visas.

Please seek advisory assistance with the advisory opinions

division if any questions arise.

10.  Minimize considered.

RICE

BT

#0015

NNNN